It is Australia Day today (26 January), our national day. Today was chosen because it is the day the First Fleet arrived from England with Australia’s first immigrants from Europe.

Consequently, Australia had its language replaced with a mix of formal English and a collection of odd dialect words from working class London and rural Britain. However, many native words were adopted for the unusual and unique animals that the Europeans had never seen before and for which they had no words. There are also words taken from other rather unexpected places.

bandicoot

Bandicoot originally described several species of large rat from southeast Asia. Early settlers mistaking Australia’s marsupial Peramelids for the Asian rodents mistakingly called them bandicoots. It is a Telugu word from central India, which means pig-rat.

The rabbit bandicoot is also known as a bilby; which comes from the Yuwaalaraay Aboriginal language of northern New South Wales.

barramundi

Barramundi is said to be word from a Queensland Australian Aboriginal language meaning large-scaled river fish and probably referred to the lungfish (Ceratodus forsteri) of the central coastal areas.

The name, once picked up by the Europeans, spread across northern Queensland and was used to refer to a range of large freshwater fish. It is now used to refer to the Asian Seabass species, Lates calcarifer and has become a powerful brand!

budgerigar

The budgerigar, Melopsittacus undulates, was given its scientific name in 1840 by John Gould (Australia’s great ornithologist). Melopsittacus comes from Greek and means melodious parrot while the species name, undulates, is Latin for undulated or wave-patterned.

Several possible origins for the English name budgerigar have been proposed but it seems to be a compound between the Gamilaraay language gidjirrigaa (perhaps gijirr yellow or small and gā head) and a word of unknown language, budgery or boojery meaning good.

cicada

Cicadas are a family of insects that are not native to Australia so the word was already known. The name is directly derived from the Latin cicada, meaning buzzer. In classical Greek, it was called a tettix, and in modern Greek tzitzikas. Wonderfully imitative!

cockatoo

The word cockatoo dates from well before Australia was settled by Europeans, and is a derivation from the Malay, kakatuwah. There are several explanations: it means vice or grip, that is, from its strong beak; it is a representation of the birds call; or it comes from the Malay kakak for elder brother or sister and tua for old.

Seventeenth-century variants include cacato, cockatoon and crockadore. Cokato, cocatore and cocatoo were used in the eighteenth century.

dingo

Dingo, comes from the Dharruk language, originally spoken in the area around Sydney. It referred to the tame dogs of the Aboriginal people although the English also used it to describe wild dogs. Some bushmen continue to call the wild animal by the Dharruk term: warrigal.

echidna

The echidna is an egg-laying, hedgehog-like mammal. Its name is usually explained as coming from the Greek word, echidna, meaning snake or viper but this makes little sense. It is much more likely to have come from the Greek, ekhinos, meaning hedgehog. Ekhinos may be translated as snake eater, and as hedgehogs eat worms it may be a more sensible explanation.

emu

The derivation of the emu’s name is uncertain. It may come from Portuguese explorers who used ema to describe large birds such as cranes and ostriches. They may have picked it up from the Moluccan word eme. The language of the Moluccas, or Spice Islands, in Indonesia was heavily influenced by Arabic traders in the 12-13^th century.

galah

The galah, the pink-breasted parrot, is derived from gilaa, a word found in Yuwaalaraay and neighbouring Aboriginal languages.

kangaroo

A widely held belief is that when Captain Cook (the first Englishman to discover Australia) asked a native what a kangaroo was called; the Aboriginal answered “I don’t know” thus giving it the name. It is a nice story but untrue.

Cook first reported kangaroos in 1770 when he landed to make repairs at the Endeavour River in northeast Queensland. The word gangurru is a word for kangaroo in the northeast Aboriginal language of Guugu Yimidhirr.

koala

The word koala comes from the Dharuk language’s word gula. There is a mistaken belief that koala means doesn’t drink.

The scientific name of the koala’s genus, Phascolarctos, is derived from Greek phaskolos pouch and arktos bear. Its species name, cinereus, is Latin and means ash-coloured.

kookaburra

Kookaburras are large kingfishers native to Australia and New Guinea; the name comes from the Wiradjuri language, guuguubarra, which is an imitation of its call.

platypus

The platypus’s genus, Ornithorhynchus, is derived from a combination of the Latin word, ornitho, for bird-like and the Greek, rhunkus for bill. Platypus, the original scientific name, comes from the Greek for flat-footed. The scientific name had to be changed as it had already been allocated to a genus of beetle.

There is no agreed term for the plural of platypus, with platypus, platypuses and even platypoda being used.

possum

Possum is a shortened form of opossum. Opossums are marsupials of the Americas and the name, wapathemwa, comes from the native American language, Algonquian.

rosella

The brightly coloured parrot we call the rosella, genus Platycercus, was often seen at Rose Hilll near Parramatta (in western Sydney) by the early migrants and so was called the Rosehill Parakeet. This became the Rosehiller and was eventually pronounced Rosella. Platycercus means broad-tailed or flat-tailed.

taipan

The taipans belong to a genus of large, highly venomous snakes native to Northern Australia and New Guinea. The inland taipan, endemic to Northern Queensland, has the most toxic venom of any snake in the world. Taipan comes from the Wik-Mungkan Aboriginal language of central Cape York Peninsula, Queensland.

The word taipan also describes a foreign businessman or a trader in China, often the chief executive of a business. Taipan, in this sense (and surprisingly), has no relationship to the snake and is derived from the Cantonese: tái, meaning big or great and bān, meaning class. A near synonym is tycoon, a Japanese word for great lord or prince that originated from the Chinese: tai meaning great and kiun, meaning lord.

wallaby

The smaller cousins of the kangaroos picked up their name from Dharuk, the local Aboriginal dialect of Sydney, where they were called walaba.

witchetty grub

Witchetty grubs are the large insect larvae of several moth species, they are traditional Aboriginal bush tucker (foraged food). Witchetty comes from the Adynyamathanha language: wityu meaning hooked stick and vartu, meaning grub. The word originally referred to a hooked stick used for foraging for the grubs but then was given to the grubs themselves.

Ten witchetty grubs per day are sufficient for survival in the bush. The flavour is almond-like and similar to peanut butter.

wobbegong

Wobbegongs are a species of carpet shark that can grow up to three metres long; they have razor-like teeth and are said to be moody and short-tempered. They are not generally dangerous. Wobbegong is believed to come from an Australian Aboriginal language, it means shaggy beard, which refers to the growths around its mouth.

wombat

The word wombat, for our large burrowing marsupial, was recorded in 1798, from the Aboriginal Australian womback, wombar. The Oxford Dictionary describes it as having a general resemblance to a small bear.