Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the earth.

So says Matthew’s Gospel 5:5 (and also Psalm 37). This is the third of the eight beatitudes, preached by Jesus Christ in his Sermon on the Mount, which were presented as virtues that would be rewarded by God with salvation.

Meek was originally used to translate mansuetus (related to mansuetudo meaning tameness) from the Latin text of the Bible.

Meek comes from Middle English meke (around the 12^th century) which meant gentle, courteous and kind. It originated in Old Norse from mjūkr, meaning soft. However in the 14^th century it also took on a meaning of submissiveness. To find out the modern definition I did a little bit of a survey from online and my collection of out-of-date, international dictionaries.

My Shorter Oxford (Third Edition 1973) from the UK defines meek as:

• gentle, courteous, kind, merciful, indulgent
• free from self-will; piously humble and submissive; patient and unresentful
• submissive, humble; easily put upon

My Funk and Wagnalls Standard Desk Dictionary (1976 Edition) from the US defines it:

• Having a patient, gentle disposition
• Lacking spirit or backbone, submissive

My Concise Macquarie (First Edition 1982) from Australia defines meek as:

• humbly patient or submissive

On line the Dictionary.com (based on the Random House Dictionary 2010) :

• humbly patient or docile, as under provocation from others
• overly submissive or compliant; spiritless; tame
• Obsolete. gentle; kind

But if we aspire to inherit the earth, how do we recognise the characteristics of meekness that we need.  The difference between the gentle, courteous, pious and kind type of meek (the virtuous meek) and the submissive, compliant, spiritless type of meek (the non-virtuous meek) is quite large. The meaning, however, is seldom clear from the context. The difference between the good meek and the bad meek is not a matter of context but intent.

You can be meek because you choose to be gentle and courteous due to your pious and kind nature. This is a virtue resulting from choice and strength of character

Alternatively you can be meek because you are compliant and submissive due to your weak and spiritless nature. This is not a virtue as it comes without choice and from a weakness of character.

Meek is still used in the modern translation of the third beatitude to represent a virtuous state deserving of the future of the world. The Bible is an active and current publication and its use of meek, particularly in the Third Beatitude, demonstrates its sense as a virtue rather than its sense as a weakness.

In defining the quality of meekness last century, Arthur Walkington Pink (1886 – 1952), an influential biblical scholar, wrote:

Some regard it’s meaning as patience, a spirit of resignation; some as unselfishness, a spirit of self-abnegation; others as gentleness, a spirit of non-retaliation, bearing afflictions quietly.

So, dear dictionary writers, if the good meaning of meek is obsolete we must either get the biblical translators to replace it with something like:

Blessed are the patient, unselfish and gentle for they will inherit the earth.

Or be afraid for the future because your dictionaries have given the world away to the wrong people:

Blessed are the compliant, submissive and spiritless for they will inherit the world.